Rubicon RAW Orange & Mango Energy Drink, 20% Fruit Juice, High Caffiene with B-Vitamins, Ginseng & Guarana, No Artificial Colours or Flavours, Reduce Tiredness & Boost Energy - 12 x 500ml Cans

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The metabolism of caffeine is reduced in pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, and the half-life of caffeine during pregnancy can be increased up to 15 hours (as compared to 2.5 to 4.5 hours in non-pregnant adults). [79] Current evidence regarding the effects of caffeine on pregnancy and for breastfeeding are inconclusive. [28] There is limited primary and secondary advice for, or against, caffeine use during pregnancy and its effects on the fetus or newborn. [28] Increased urination is a common side effect of high caffeine intake due to the compound’s stimulatory effects on the bladder. L-carnitine is a nutrient that helps transport fatty acids to your cell’s mitochondria, where they can be turned into energy. While we’re still learning about the various roles it plays in the body, it’s generally agreed that L-carnitine contributes to brain and heart function, muscle movement, and many other bodily processes. Vegans tend to produce lower amounts of L-carnitine, so supplemental amounts of this may be beneficial for those avoiding animal products. Therefore, paying attention to the dosage and timing of caffeine is important, especially if you already have high blood pressure. Summary Lucas M, et al. (2013). Coffee, caffeine, and risk ofcompleted suicide: Results from three prospective cohorts of American adults.DOI:

Caffeine enhances athletic performance. For this reason, caffeinated chewing gums, along with other sources of caffeine, are on the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) banned substances list for athletes. This is where those other biologically active compounds come in. It’s also where the science becomes less clear. A few people suggest that excess intake may be linked to increased cancer risk or heart problems, while others say a few cups a day is fine. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(12):CD009281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3 Branum AM, et al. Trends in caffeine intake among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014; doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2877. Paraxanthine (84%): Increases lipolysis, leading to elevated glycerol and free fatty acid levels in blood plasma.

In small doses, caffeine can make you feel refreshed and focused. In large doses, caffeine can make you feel anxious and have difficulty sleeping. Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Fineschi V, Frati P, Cipolloni L, Aromatario M. Caffeine-Related Deaths: Manner of Deaths and Categories at Risk. Nutrients. 2018;10(5).

It may also increase blood adrenaline levels and increase brain activity of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine ( 3). However, studies have observed mixed results, and some people may experience negative side effects at intakes of less than 400 mg per day ( 2, 4).