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a b Craighead, Frank Cooper; Schaffner, John Valentine (1950). Insect Enemies of Eastern Forests. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp.97–98. Phasmids vary greatly in size, with females typically growing larger than males of the same species. [4] Males of the smallest species, such as Timema cristinae, reach about 2 centimetres (0.8in) long, [5] while females of the longest, an undescribed species informally known as Phryganistria "chinensis", is up to 64 centimetres (25in) in total length, including outstretched legs. This makes it the world's longest insect. [6] The heaviest species of phasmid is likely to be Heteropteryx dilatata, the females of which may weigh as much as 65g (2.3oz). [7] Atoms have an equal amount of protons and electrons. Each electron has a negative charge and each proton has a positive charge. These two charges are equal, which means that each atom has zero net charge. As a result, it is electrically neutral.
a b Zompro, O. (2004). "Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta: Phasmatodea)". Organización Para Estudios Tropicales, (OET), Costa Rica Bibliografía Nacional en Biología Tropical (BINABITROP). 37: 1–327. Osmond, Meredith (1998). "Chapter 8: Fishing and Hunting Implements". In Ross, Malcolm; Pawley, Andrew; Osmond, Meredith (eds.). The lexicon of Proto Oceanic vol. 1 Material culture. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. p.219. doi: 10.15144/PL-C152.211. ISBN 0-85883-507-X . Retrieved 9 February 2020.
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Some indigenous people of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands have traditionally made fishhooks from the legs of certain phasmids. [60] a b Dossey, Aaron; Spencer Walse; James R. Rocca; Arthur S. Edison (September 2006). "Single-Insect NMR: A New Tool To Probe Chemical Biodiversity". ACS Chemical Biology. 1 (8): 511–514. doi: 10.1021/cb600318u. PMID 17168538.Some people have been playing on game controllers for so long that they find it hard to adapt to the newer technology. It's not surprising though, considering you can hold the controller in both hands quite comfortably and all the functions are at your fingertips. Randolph, Vance (2012). Ozark Magic and Folklore. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-1-306-33958-2. OCLC 868269974. Description [ edit ] Phobaeticus serratipes Female Phobaeticus chani, the world's second-longest insect. This species grows to a total length of 56.7cm (22.3in) (front legs fully extended) and body length of 35.7cm (14.1in). [3]
a b c d e Bedford, Geoffrey O. (1978). "Biology and Ecology of the Phasmatodea". Annual Review of Entomology. 23: 125–149. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.23.010178.001013. Hale, Tom (14 August 2017). "World's New Longest Insect Is The Length Of Your Arm". IFLScience . Retrieved 27 March 2020.When threatened, some phasmids that are equipped with femoral spines on the metathoracic legs ( Oncotophasma martini, Eurycantha calcarata, Eurycantha horrida, Diapheromera veliei, Diapheromera covilleae, Heteropteryx dilatata) respond by curling the abdomen upward and repeatedly swinging the legs together, grasping at the threat. If the menace is caught, the spines can, in humans, draw blood and inflict considerable pain. [16] In a seemingly different method of defense, many species of Phasmatodea seek to startle the encroaching predator by flashing bright colors that are normally hidden, and making a loud noise. [19] When disturbed on a branch or foliage, some species, while dropping to the undergrowth to escape, will open their wings momentarily during free fall to display bright colors that disappear when the insect lands. Others will maintain their display for up to 20 minutes, hoping to frighten the predator and convey the appearance of a larger size. Some, such as Pterinoxylus spinulosus, accompany the visual display with the noise made by rubbing together parts of the wings. [19]
The Phasmatodea life cycle is hemimetabolous, proceeding through a series of several nymphal instars. Once emerged, a nymph will eat its cast skin. Adulthood is reached for most species after several months and many molts. The lifespan of Phasmatodea varies by species, but ranges from a few months to up to three years. [31] Ecology [ edit ] Phasmatodea eggs resemble seeds in shape and size and have hard shells. They have a lid-like structure called an operculum at the anterior pole, from which the nymph emerges during hatching. The eggs vary in the length of time before they hatch which varies from 13 to more than 70 days, with the average around 20 to 30 days. [16] Some species, particularly those from temperate regions, undergo diapause, where development is delayed during the winter months. Diapause is initiated by the effect of short day lengths on the egg-laying adults or can be genetically determined. Diapause is broken by exposure to the cold of winter, causing the eggs to hatch during the following spring. Among species of economic importance such as Diapheromera femorata, diapause results in the development of two-year cycles of outbreaks. [29] Eggs of various phasmid species (not to scale) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Magnolia Press. 2011. p.198. ISBN 978-1-86977-849-1. a b Matthews, Robert W.; Matthews, Janice R. (2009). Insect Behavior. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.187–189. ISBN 978-90-481-2389-6.Fossils of the extinct genus and species Eoprephasma hichensi have been recovered from Ypresian age sediments in the U.S. state of Washington and British Columbia, Canada. The species is one of the youngest members of the stem phasmatodean group Susumanioidea. [51] Phasmids in Europe [ edit ]
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